Walk me through the grantmaking lifecycle in Salesforce and the records at each stage.

The lifecycle maps cleanly onto four main records, with a supporting cast around the review and the obligations.

1. Funding Opportunity is the pool of money available for a specific purpose — the funding round applicants apply to.
2. Individual Application is the application submitted by an individual or organisation. Preliminary application references cover saved applications and pre-screening forms, and application timelines hold the milestone dates.
3. Application Review records each reviewer's assessment, and Application Decision records the final decision. Keeping these separate is what lets you report on review consistency rather than just outcomes.
4. Funding Award captures the approved award — the grant period and amount — and relates to a final budget, with Budget, Budget Allocation, Budget Category and Budget Period supporting the financial detail.
5. Funding Disbursement is each payment made or scheduled, and Funding Award Requirement is a deliverable or milestone for the award or disbursement, which is how reporting obligations get tracked rather than remembered.
6. Funding Award Amendment handles the inevitable: scope or financial changes to an approved award.